Please see below explanatory cover note and proposed revisions to AFICS by-laws and rules of procedure prepared by Lowell Flanders and Loraine Rickard-Martin.
We're seeking support for this effort. Please circulate to AFICS members who share our concerns and send any comments by email to unpensionblog.info@gmail.com, or participants of the FCUNS on Facebook may comment there (see link).
1 May 2016
Dear Former Colleagues
and AFICS members,
Over the last year or so,
with increasing assaults and threats to our pension savings, we have become
increasingly concerned that AFICS is not well equipped, or oriented to act as a
lobbying group to effectively protect our common interests. It is not at all
clear, in fact, that AFICS was ever intended to be an organization that could
mobilize its members for an extended struggle against those who may not have
our best interests at heart. Nothing in the AFICS by-laws and rules of
procedure provides confidence in democratic, transparent leadership and
procedures, or in the role that many of us believe AFICS should play.
Pension Funds around the world have been under siege for quite a few years now, both in the private and public sectors. Many funds have been crippled by mismanagement and malfeasance. Until recently, the UN Pension Fund has been well managed, with conservative and stable returns on its investments. All of this changed in 2014 with the effort to make operational changes that threatened to breach the separation between the Fund’s investment and administrative functions. Efforts were also afoot for the fund to take on more risky investments in hedge funds and other questionable financial products. This came at a time when other large public pension funds were divesting themselves of such funds. It is ironic indeed that the UN is forging ahead along a path that others have already abandoned.
Worse still, there is
clear evidence in two letters from the Pension Board Assets and Liabilities
Monitoring Committee (11 Feb and 7 March) that the Investment Management
Division is operating with weakened risk controls, transactions carried out
without the proper signatures, plus a troubling statement by the RSG to the 4-5
Feb Committee meeting that "possible changes to the Fund's investment
philosophy and approved UNJSPF risk appetite are being considered", which,
the Committee states in its 7 March letter, it considers to pose unacceptable
levels of risk.
Weakened risk controls in
the Fund’s Investment Management Division are only part of the picture. The
Pension Board's Investment Committee is seriously weakened as well. Why did our
Fund lose its highly respected Chair of the Investment Committee, Ivan Pictet
in his sudden resignation last year? He cited 'overwork' in media reports. He
had served the Committee for ten years, and had been its Chair for a year. By
many accounts he had done an excellent job of maximizing returns on the Fund's
investments, and by some accounts, he resigned not because of overwork, but
because the RSG wanted to impose changes he found unacceptable. He has not been
replaced. Instead, the Chair of the Investment Committee has been rotated by
the RSG and the term of office for members decreased to one year.
Clearly, we are faced
with a level of turmoil and threat to the Pension Fund that we have not seen in
previous years. This points to a situation where retirees need to be better
organized to confront these threats to the Fund by people who do not care what
happens to us. If our complaint was only that AFICS had been somnolent in the
face of such threats, perhaps we could make excuses and move on. But, as many
of you know, the leadership of AFICS actually worked to advance the interests
of one of the parties to the merger debate. When many of you signed a petition
to call for a general meeting of AFICS, in accordance with the AFICS by-laws,
to discuss these issues, your request was effectively dumped in the rubbish bin
by the AFICS leadership.
To address these issues
we have prepared a proposed revision of the AFICS by-laws and rules of
procedure that seeks to clarify and re-formulate its purposes and to make
election procedures more transparent and democratic.
Please have a look at the
attached document and provide us with your comments, reactions and inputs.
Please indicate if you could support such changes. Proposed new text is
in bold italics while deletions are indicated by a strikethrough.
Please feel free to share
with other AFICS members who may share our concerns.
Lowell Flanders
Loraine Rickard-Martin
Proposed Revisions to the By-Laws and Rules of Procedure of
AFICS
Association of Former
International Civil Servants
Existing text is in Black and
new proposed text in Bold Italics. Deletions are
indicated by a strike through.
Article I
Nature and purposes
1. The Association of Former
International Civil Servants (New York), hereinafter referred to as "The
Association", is established at United Nations Headquarters in the City of
New York under the laws of the State of New York.
2. Its aims and purposes are:
a) to actively represent and defend the
interests of Association members and UN retirees and those of their dependents
and survivors before the administrations and other bodies of the United Nations
System;
b) to advise and assist former international
civil servants and those about to separate from service on questions of
pensions, residence, health care, taxation, social security and other important
concerns;
c) to keep members and retirees actively
informed of matters affecting their welfare, pensions and other matters of
interest to them;
d) to foster social and personal
relationships among members, to promote their well being and to encourage
mutual support of individual members.
e) to actively cooperate with other retiree
organizations, staff unions and associations of the UN system to protect and
promote the welfare and benefits of current and former international civil
servants;
f) to support and promote the purposes,
principles and programmes of the United Nations System.
3. The Association is a
charter member of the Federation of Associations of Former International Civil
Servants (FAFICS), and cooperates in all its activities. Through the Federation
the Association is represented in various administrative bodies of the United
Nations System, including, but not limited to, the UN Joint Staff Pension
Board, the International Civil Service Commission and the Consultative
Committee on Administrative Questions. The Association may represent the
Federation in its activities as a non-governmental organization in consultative
status with the Economic and Social Council.
Article II
Membership
1. Membership of the
Association shall be open to:
(a) former staff members and
officials of the United Nations and its subsidiary organs, the specialized
agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and other organs or former
organizations of the United Nations System. Present staff members and officials
of any of these organizations who wish to join in anticipation of retirement
shall also be eligible for membership;
(b) former experts and
consultants in the United Nations System.
2. Life membership shall be
open to anyone who meets the criteria set out in paragraph 1 above of this
article and who pays the life membership dues as established by the Assembly.
3. An associate membership,
subject to payment of annual dues, which shall be set at not more than one half
of the rates established for full members, shall be open to members of any
other association participating in FAFICS.
4. The surviving spouse of a
member or associate member of the Association shall be entitled to membership
or associate membership of the Association, for as long as he or she continues
to pay the annual dues or, in the case of the surviving spouse of a life
member, for the duration of his or her life.
5. On the proposal of the
Governing Board, the Assembly of the Association may confer an honorary [non-voting] membership
on individuals who have rendered meritorious service to the Association or to
the United Nations System.
6. A member may resign from
the Association effective at the end of a calendar year by submitting a written
communication to that effect.
Article III
Organs
The organs of the Association
shall be:
(a) an Assembly;
(b) a Governing Board;
(c) such committees as the
Assembly or the Governing Board may from time to time establish.
Article IV
The Assembly
1. The Assembly shall consist
of all members of the Association. It shall hold an annual meeting on the third
Thursday of May each year unless, for reasons it deems important, the Governing
Board fixes another day. Any change of the date of the meeting from the third
Thursday of May shall be notified to the membership not less than thirty days
in advance of the new date.
2. Notice of the annual
meeting and nominations for election to the Governing Board shall be sent to
all members of the Association not less than thirty days in advance. The annual
report on the activities of the Association shall be distributed to the
membership prior to the annual meeting.
3. The Governing Board may
convene an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly, and shall do so upon receipt
of a written request from at least fifty members of the Association. [In the
event of a written request from at least fifty members, the extraordinary
assembly must be convened within two weeks from receipt of the proposed agenda
by the petitioning members.] Notice of the time, place and agenda
of the extraordinary meeting shall be sent to all members of the Association
not less than fourteen days in advance of the meeting.
4. The functions of the
Assembly shall be:
(a) to take note of the
activities of the preceding year and to provide guidance on the future work of
the Association;
(b) to elect from its members a nominating
committee of six members to serve for a term of two years;
(c) to approve the elections
to the Governing Board, [and its rules of procedures;]
(d) to approve the annual
financial statements;
(e) to approve any changes in
the rates of the annual and life membership dues;
(f) to elect two auditors;
(g) to consider any other
matter submitted to it by the Governing Board or proposed by any member.
5. An attendance of at least
fifty members of the Association shall constitute a quorum. In the absence of a
quorum, the President shall adjourn the meeting to another proximate date.
6. Except for the election of
members of the Governing Board, which is governed by the provisions of
paragraph 1 (b) of Article V below, the Assembly shall take its decisions by a
majority vote of the members present and voting. When, however, in the opinion
of the Governing Board, a matter to be submitted to the Assembly is of such
importance that the widest expression of the will of the membership is
desirable, the Board may establish a procedure for voting by mail.
Article V
The Governing Board
1. The Governing Board shall
consist of not more than [sixteen] twenty-three members. [Sixteen members] Eighteen
members shall be elected by the membership of the Association, as follows:
(a) The
Sixteen members shall be elected by the membership of the Association, with
four members being elected each year for a term of two years. Elected members shall be eligible for re-election when their terms expire, subject
to a maximum of two consecutive terms.
No member shall serve for more than a combined total of four consecutive
years, including terms for which he or she is elected, although any member who
has completed that total may again stand for election to the Board after an
interval of at least one year.
(b) The elections shall be conducted by a nominating committee composed
of six members elected by the Annual Assembly for a period of two years. The
nominating committee shall select its own officers.
(c) The nominating committee shall consider for nomination outgoing
members of the Board who are eligible for re-election, and members of the
Association who are in good standing, are not in arrears in their dues and have
demonstrated an interest in the work of the Board or its various committees
(d) Candidates may also be submitted in nominating petitions signed by
not fewer than twenty members of the Association and received at least 30 days
prior to the distribution of ballot papers by the nominating committee. The
date for the Annual Assembly shall be announced by the Board not less than
three months prior to its being convened to allow ample time for submission of
nominating petitions.
(e) The elections shall be by
secret ballot. Ballot papers shall be distributed in advance of the annual
meeting of the Assembly. and shall contain the names submitted by a nominating
committee designated by the President, together with any other names submitted
in a nominating petition signed by not less than twenty members and received at
least ninety days before the annual meeting of the Assembly.
3. Any member of the Governing
Board who fails to attend three consecutive Board meetings without adequate
reasons shall be considered by the Board as having resigned therefrom and shall
be so notified.
4. The Governing Board shall
be convened by the retiring President as soon as possible after the annual
meeting of the Assembly. It shall at its first meeting elect from its
membership a President, a First Vice-President, a Second Vice-President, a
Secretary, a Treasurer, a Deputy Secretary and a Deputy Treasurer. The Board
shall also have authority to designate other officials of the Association from
within its own membership or from the membership of the Association at large,
including liaison officers for regions where large numbers of members reside.
5. The Governing Board may
authorize the establishment of local chapters of the Association in regions
where large numbers of members reside.
6. The Governing Board may
consult the membership of the Association by means of questionnaires.
7. The functions of the
Governing Board shall be:
(a) to take all appropriate
measures in pursuance of the purposes of the Association in conformity with the
by-laws;
(b) to prepare the agenda of
all meetings of the Assembly and to carry out its decisions;
(c) to present to the Assembly
a report on the activities of the Association as well as annual financial
statements;
(d) to coordinate the
activities of any chapters of the Association;
(e) to provide representation
of the Association at meetings of the Federation of Associations of Former
International Civil Servants and maintain liaison with other member
organizations of FAFICS, and, through the Federation, to assure appropriate
representation of the Association at meetings of the bodies listed in Article
I, paragraph 3;
(f) to circulate periodically
a Bulletin for the information of members of the Association.
8. An attendance of one half
of the current membership of the Governing Board shall constitute a quorum. In
the absence of a quorum, the President shall adjourn the meeting to another
proximate date.
9. The Governing Board shall
take its decisions by a majority vote of the members present and voting.
10. In exceptional cases,
where the Governing Board considers that urgent needs of the Association
require early action and it is impractical to convene an extraordinary meeting
of the Assembly, the Board may poll the members of the Association by mail on a
given matter. The matter is then decided by a majority of the members casting
their ballots within forty-five days.
Article VI
Committees
1. The Governing Board shall
establish committees to facilitate its work on specific subjects.
2. The President shall appoint
members of committees from the membership of the Association on the basis of
their interests and qualifications. Members of the Governing Board may serve on
any committee.
3. The President shall
designate a chairperson pro tem of the Committee who shall convene the
first meeting, at which the members thereof shall elect a chairperson.
4. The chairperson of each
committee shall report on its work to the Governing Board at its meetings. The
chairperson shall prepare an annual report for publication in the Bulletin
prior to the annual general meeting of the Association.
5. Committees shall establish
their own quorum and other rules as appropriate.
Article VII
Dues
1. The Association shall be
financed by the dues paid by its members at the rates established from time to
time by the Assembly, and by grants and gifts accepted by the Governing Board.
All members, except life and honorary members, shall pay annual dues, provided,
however, that members who attain the age of eighty-five may notify the
Association thereof and shall thereafter be exempt from the payment of annual
dues.
2. The dues established by the
Assembly shall be payable in January of each year. Members who fail to pay dues
for two consecutive years shall have their rights and privileges suspended
until payment is effected.
Article VIII
Amendment of the by-laws
On the proposal of the
Governing Board or at the written request of at least fifty members of the
Association, these by-laws may be amended by the Assembly by a vote of two
thirds of the members present and voting, provided that notice has been sent to
all members, accompanied by a copy of the proposed amendments, not less than
thirty days in advance of the meeting at which the vote is to be taken.
Article IX
Dissolution of the Association
1. On the proposal of the
Governing Board or at the written request of at least one hundred members of
the Association, the dissolution of the Association may be decided by the
Assembly by a vote of two thirds of the members present and voting, provided
that notice has been sent to all members, accompanied by a copy of the proposal
or the request, not less than sixty days in advance of the meeting at which the
vote is to be taken.
2. In case of dissolution of the Association, the Assembly
shall decide on the disposition of the assets of the Association.
RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE GOVERNING BOARD
The Annual
Assembly has adopted the following rules of procedure to assist the
Board and the Assembly of the Association in the orderly conduct of
business within the framework of the Association's By-Laws:
1. Definition of
terms other than those made explicit in these rules
- "the Association" means the Association of
Former International Civil Servants (New
York), also referred
to by the acronym AFICS/NY;
- "the By-Laws" means the By-Laws of AFICS/NY as
adopted on 16 May 2002.
2.1 The Governing Board, hereinafter referred
to as the Board, shall consist of
not more than sixteen members.[ii]
2.2 The
sixteen members shall be elected by the membership of the Association,[iii]
with four
members being elected each year for a term of two years. Elected members shall be eligible for immediate
re-election when their terms expire, subject to a maximum of two
consecutive terms.[iv] No member shall serve for more than a
combined total of four consecutive years, including terms for which he or she is
elected or appointed, although any member who has completed that total
may again stand for election or be appointed to the Board after an
interval of at least one year.
2.3 The elections
shall be conducted by a nominating committee composed of six members elected
by the Annual Assembly for a period of two years. The nominating committee
shall select its own officers. designated by the President and
composed of four Board members who are not members of the Bureau and will not be candidates in the election. To
this end, the President shall invite a Board member, who is not an Officer and
is not standing for election, to chair the nominating committee and shall
discuss with him or her who should be its other members. The names of the chairperson and members of
the nominating committee shall be reported to the Board.
2.4 The nominating
committee shall consider for nomination outgoing members of the Board who are
eligible and wish to stand immediately for re-election, and members of the
Association who are in good standing, are not in arrears in their dues and have
demonstrated an interest in the work of the Board or its various committees.
2.5 Candidates may
also be submitted by nominating petitions signed by not fewer than twenty members
of the Association and received at least 30 ninety days prior
to distribution of ballot papers by the nominating committee. The date for the
Annual Assembly shall be announced by the Board not less than three months
prior to its being convened to allow ample time for submission of nominating
petitions. before the annual meeting of the Assembly.[v]
2.6 Candidates who
accept nomination by the nominating committee or by members of the Association
shall be asked to submit a biographic note stating, inter alia, the services they have rendered or believe they can
render to the Association and indicating in which committee or committees they
wish to serve. The notes shall be edited for consistency by the nominating
committee, and the final text will be shown to the candidate concerned to
ensure accuracy.
2.7 The elections
shall be by secret ballot.[vi] Ballot papers containing the names of the
candidates, as well as the biographic notes and voting instructions, shall be
distributed at least three weeks in advance of the annual meeting of the
Assembly. Voting members shall indicate
their choices on the ballots and return them in specially provided balloting
envelopes to the Association's offices.
Ballots shall be receivable up to one week before the opening of the
annual meeting of the Assembly.
2.8 The nominating
committee shall open the ballot envelopes and tally the votes, and shall
announce the results of the election at the annual meeting of the Assembly. The
four
six candidates who receive the largest number of valid votes shall be
declared elected.
2.9 The term of
office of newly elected members of the Board shall commence as from the first
meeting of the new Board, which shall be convened as soon as possible following
the annual meeting of the Assembly, and in no case later than three weeks after
that date. It shall expire immediately
before such meeting two three years later.
2.11 The Board may in like manner fill a
vacancy in its membership for the remainder
of an unexpired term,[viii]
up to two months before the date of expiration of that term.
2.10 Every member of
the Board shall be a member of at least one of its standing committees.
2.11 The resignation
of any member of the Board shall be addressed in writing to the President.
2.12 Any elected or appointed member of the Board who fails
to attend three consecutive Board meetings without adequate reasons shall be
considered by the Board as having resigned therefrom and shall be so notified.[ix]
2.13 The Board may
decide, after due consideration and notification process, to suspend or remove
a member whose behaviour is deemed incompatible with the high ethical standards
expected of Board members.
3. Meetings of the
Governing Board
3.1 Meetings of the
Board shall be called by the President, and notice of such meetings shall
normally be sent to the members at least one week beforehand, together with a provisional
agenda drawn up by the President and any documents available at the time as
would facilitate consideration and action at the meeting. At the beginning of each meeting the Board
shall adopt its agenda.
3.2 Any member of the
Board may propose items for inclusion in the provisional agenda. These proposals shall normally be submitted
to the President at least two weeks before the date of the meeting.
3.3 Meetings of the
Board shall normally be held on the third Tuesday of every month. The President may call additional meetings
whenever such action is required by events.
The agenda for such meetings shall be limited to the issues for which
they are convened.
3.4 The attendance of
one half of the voting members of the Board shall constitute a quorum.[x] In the absence of a quorum, the President
shall decide whether to adjourn the meeting to another proximate date, or to
hold the meeting after advising the members present that because of the absence
of a quorum any decisions taken shall be subject to ratification.
3.5 In the absence of
a consensus, the Board shall take its decisions by a simple majority vote of
the members present and voting at a duly constituted meeting.[xi]
3.6 The Board may
invite other members of the Association, as well as non-members, to attend its
meetings. Chairpersons and co-chairpersons of committees of the Board who are
not members of the Board, as well as the President of the AFICS/NY Charities
Foundation and the Editor of the AFICS/NY Bulletin,
shall normally be invited to meetings of the Board. They may participate in its
discussions, but shall not have the right to vote.
3.7 Minutes of each
meeting of the Board shall be drawn up by the Secretary or the Deputy Secretary
or another designated person and circulated in draft form to the members of the
Board in advance of the following meeting, under the authority of the
President. Board members wishing to make
changes to the draft minutes should normally communicate those changes to the
drafter before the following meeting, at which time a final version of the
minutes shall be adopted. Only
statements actually made during a meeting shall be reflected in the minutes.
4. Officers of the
Association
4.1 The Officers of
the Association, who shall constitute the Bureau of the Governing Board, shall
be the following: a President, a First Vice-President, a Second Vice-President,
a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Deputy Secretary and a Deputy Treasurer.[xii]
4.2 The Officers
shall be elected by the Board from among its members[xiii]
and shall have a term of office of one year, at the end of which they will be immediately
eligible for re-election as long as they remain members of the Board.
4.3 The Officers
shall be elected at the first meeting of each newly constituted Board, which shall
be called by the retiring President as soon as possible after the annual
meeting of the Assembly, as stipulated in 2.9 above, bearing in mind the time
required for candidacies to be put forward.
4.4 Candidates for
posts of Officer shall be nominated by a member of the Board, with the
nomination being seconded by at least one other member. The Officers shall be elected by a majority
vote of members present and voting.
4.5 The President
shall lead the Association, shall be its primary representative and
spokesperson and shall exercise general direction of the Bureau. He or she shall decide on the provisional
agenda of Board meetings, shall chair such meetings and be responsible for the
implementation of the resolutions and decisions of the Board. In like manner,
he or she shall draw up the draft agenda of the annual meeting of the Assembly
for approval by the Board, and shall preside over said meeting. The President
shall be a member ex officio
of all committees established by the Board.
He or she shall also be responsible for the management of the AFICS/NY
offices and shall oversee the preparation, publication and distribution of the
AFICS/NY Bulletin.
4.6 The First and
Second Vice-Presidents shall assist the President in his or her functions. The President may assign to each of the
Vice-Presidents special responsibilities for specific areas of work of the
Association.
4.7 In the event of the absence or disability of
the President, the First Vice-President
shall perform the
functions of the President. If both the
President and the First Vice-
President are absent or disabled, the Second Vice-President
shall perform said functions. The Acting
President shall have such powers and responsibilities as pertain to the
President until the President resumes his or her functions or until the Board
elects new Officers.
4.8 The Secretary
shall draw up minutes of the meetings of the Board and of the Assembly, record
votes and decisions, circulate documents to be considered at such meetings and
assist the President and the Vice-Presidents as required. The Deputy Secretary shall assist the
Secretary and replace that Officer in his or her functions as necessary.
4.9 The Treasurer
shall be responsible for the sound financial administration of the Association. He or she shall prepare annual financial
statements for submission to the auditors, and submit audited financial
statements for approval by the Assembly in accordance with Article IV,4,(c) of
the By-Laws. The Treasurer shall advise the Board regularly on the financial
situation of the Association, and prepare the Association's budget for the
approval of the President. The Deputy Treasurer shall assist the
Treasurer and replace that Officer in his or her functions as necessary.
5.1 The Board shall
also have authority to designate other officials of the Association, from
within its own membership or from the membership of the Association at large,
including but not limited to, liaison officers, representatives of local
chapters of the Association and editors of the AFICS/NY Bulletin.
6. Convening of
the Assembly
6.1 The Board shall
convene the Assembly of the Association on the third Thursday of May of each
year, unless, for reasons it deems important, it fixes another date.[xv]
6.2 The Board may
also convene extraordinary meetings of the Assembly, on its own decision or
upon receipt of a written request from at least fifty members of the
Association.[xvi] In the event of a written request
from at least fifty members, the extraordinary assembly must be convened within
two weeks from receipt of the proposed agenda by the petitioning members.
6.3 The Board shall
prepare the agenda for all meetings of the Assembly, except in cases where the agenda
has been proposed by association members requesting an extraordinary Assembly.
Notice of the annual meeting, together with nominations for election to the
Board, shall be distributed to all members of the Association not less than
thirty days in advance of the meeting. Notice
of the time, place and agenda for any extraordinary meeting shall be
distributed to all members of the Association not less than fourteen days in
advance of the meeting.[xvii]
6.4 At the annual
meeting, the Board shall present to the Assembly a report on the activities of
the Association as well as annual financial statements.[xviii]
6.5 The Annual Assembly, may, by a two-thirds majority, recall the
President or any Board members, who have failed to faithfully discharge the
duties entrusted to them.
7.1 The Board shall
establish standing committees, including their mandates and terms of reference,
to facilitate its work on specific subjects.[xx] The President shall appoint members of newly
created standing committees from the membership of the Association, including
the membership of the Board, on the basis of their interests and
qualifications.[xxi] Once such committees are
established, the President may delegate to their leadership the appointment of
members.
7.2 The President
shall designate a chairperson pro tem
of any new standing committee who shall convene the first meeting, at which the
members shall elect a chairperson or two co-chairpersons.[xxii] The chairperson or a co-chairperson of each
committee shall report on its work to the Board as often as necessary and at
least once every three months, and at any time that he or she considers it
useful to inform the Board or seek its guidance. The chairperson or
co-chairpersons of standing committees shall prepare an annual report for
publication in the Bulletin prior to
the annual meeting of the Assembly.[xxiii]
7.3 The Board may
also establish ad hoc committees to
address specific and time-limited issues.
The President shall appoint members of such committees from the membership
of the Board and of the Association.
7.5 The President, at
his or her initiative or upon the advice of a committee’s leadership, may
remove a member from a committee if it is deemed that his or her behaviour is detrimental
to the purposes of the Committee or the Association.
7.6 The Board may
dissolve a committee if it deems it is no longer necessary or has ceased to
serve its purpose.
8. Amendment or
suspension of the Rules of Procedure
8.1 These Rules of
Procedure may be amended or suspended by a decision of the Annual Assembly. Board.
[x] Ibid.,
Art.V, 8.
[xi] Ibid.,
Art.V, 9.
[xii] Ibid.,
Art.V, 4.
[xiii]
Ibid., Art.V, 4.
[xiv] Ibid.,
Art.V, 4.
[xv] Ibid.,
Art. IV, 1.
[xvi] Ibid.,
Art. IV, 3.
[xvii]
Ibid., Art.V, 2 and 3.
[xviii]
Ibid., Art. IV, 2 and 4 (c).
[xix] Ibid.,
Art.VI.
[xx] Ibid.,
Art.VI, 1.
[xxi] Ibid.,
Art.VI, 2.
[xxii]
Ibid., Art.VI, 3.
[xxiii]
Ibid., Art.VI, 4.
[xxiv]
Ibid., Art.VI, 5.
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